Synonym, Antonym, and Hyponym

1.     Synonym

Synonym is the state or phenomenon in which the words that sound different, but have the same of identical meaning, as another word or phrase. Synonymous words may have exatly the same conceptual meaning.

            For examples :

1.      Mother and father - parents

2.      Clear - distinct

3.      Intelligent -  witty.

2.     Antonym

Antonym is the state or phenomenon in which the words have the sense relation which involve the opposite of meaning. Palmer classifies three  of antonym  can be devided into several types :

a.      Graclable antonymy is the meaning of each word is relative, it also can be put in a graded scale which is not fixed.

Examples :

Big – small

Good -  bad

Fast – slow

Young – old

b.      Complementarity is the meaning of the word is absolute, not relative, there is onlyone possibility of meaning which is fixed.

Examples :

Male – female

Alive – dead

Present – absent

Open – closed

Up – down

c.       Relationalopposites is the pairs of words are the reversal of a relationship of word.

Example :

Buy – sell

Push – pull

Parent – child

Teacher – pupil.

3.     Hyponym

Hyponym is a term to refer to a set or term or word. The higher or upper term or word is called a super ordinate, and the lower term is called a hyponym. Some examples of hyponym are :

a.      Vegetable = carrots – cabbages – spinach – lettuce

b.      Avian = duck – goose – cock – hen – canary

c.       Bird = swallow – crane – canary- woodpecker- quail

Simile

Definition of simile

            A simile is a figure of speech that directly compares two things. Although similes and metaphors are similar, similes explicitly use connecting words ( such as like, as, so, than, or various verbs such as resemble ), though these specific words are not always necessary. While similes are mainly used in forms of poetry that compare the inanimate and the living, there are also terms in which similes and personifications are used for humorous purposes and comparison.

            A simile can be as descriptive as the writer chooses. For example :

1.      He was as brave as a lion in a fight

2.      He was as angry as a bull at a red flag

3.      He swam like a fish through rough waters

Similes are used in poetry to create different effects, to create an image of comparison in the reader’s mind of what the writer is describing.

Common examples of simile :

1.      Our soldiers are as brave as lions

2.      Her cheecks are red like a rose

3.      He is as funny as a  monkey

Simile examples in Literature

“Elderly American ladies leaning on their canes listed toward me like towers of pisa” ( this simile produces a humorous effect by comparing old woman leaning on walking sticks with the ancient leaning tower of pisa.

Function of simile

From the above discussion, we can infer the function of similes both in our everyday life as well as in literature. Using similes attract the attention and appeals directly to the senses of listeners or readers encouraning their imagination to comprehend what is being communicated. In addition, it inspires life-like quality in our daily talks and in the characters of fictions or poetry. Simile allows readers to relate the feelings of a writer or a poet to their personal experiences. Therefore, the use of similes makes it easier for the readers to understand the subject matter of a literary text, which may have been otherwise too demanding to be comprehended. Like metaphors, similes also offer variety in our ways of thinking and offers new perspectives of viewing the world.

Metaphor

Defeniton of Metaphor

            Metaphor is a figure of speech that refers to something as being the same as another thing for theorical effect. It may provide clarity or identify hidden similarities between two ideas. Where a simile compares two items, a metaphor directly equates them, and does not use “like” or “as” as dues a simile.

            A ricards describes a metaphor as having two parts :

1.      The tenor

The tenor is the subject to which attributes are ascribed.

2.      The vehicle

The vehicle is the object whose attributes are borrowed.

            The metaphor category also contains these specialised types :

1.      Allegory

An extended metaphor wherein a story illustrates an important attribute of the subject.

2.      Carachresis

A mixed metaphor used by design and accident ( rhetorical fault ).

3.      Parable

An extended metaphor narrated as an anecdote illustrating and teaching such as in Aesop’s fables, or Jesus’ teaching method as told in the Bible.

Larger applications of Metaphor

            The term metaphor is also used to describe more basic or general aspects of experience and cognition :

1.      A cognitive metaphor is the association of subject to an experience outside the object’s environment.

2.      A conceptual metaphor is an underlying associations that is systematic in both language and thought.

3.      A root metaphor is the underlying worldview that shapes an individual’s understanding of a situation.

4.      A Nonlinguistic metaphor is an association between two nonlinguistics realis of experience.

5.      A visual metaphor uses an image to create the link between different ideas. Metaphor can also be implied and extended throughout pieces of literature

Examples of metaphor

1.      My brother was boiling mad  ( this implies he was too angry )

2.      The assignment was a breeze ( this implies that the assignment was not difficult )

3.      It is going to be clear skies from now on ( this implies that clear skies are not a threat and life is going to be without hardships )

Literary metaphor

            Metaphor are used in all type of literature but not often to the degree they are used in poetry because poems are meant to communicate complex images and feelings to the readers and metaphors often state the comparisons most emotively. There are some examples of metaphor from famous poems :

1.      She is all states, and all princess, I

2.      Shall I compare three to a summer’s day.

Functions

From the above arguments, explanations and examples, we can easily infer the function of metaphors : both in our daily lives and in a piece of literature. Using appropriate metaphors appeals directly to the senses of listeners or readers, sharpening their imaginations to comprehend what is being communicated to them. Moreover, it gives a life-like quality to our conversations and to the characters of the fictions or poetry. Metaphor are also ways of thinking, offering the listeners and the readers fresh ways of examining ideas and viewing the world.

Denotation, Connotation, and Implication

Pembaca, kali ini saya akan menjelaskan sedikit tentang apa itu Denotation, Connotation dan Implication didalam pembelajaran semantic. Yuk baca penjelasannya.!!

Denotation and Connotation

            The terms, denotation and connotation, are used to convey and distinguish between two different kinds of meanings or extantions of a word. A denotation is the strict, literal, definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color. The connotation of a word or term adds elements of emotion, attitude, or color. The meaning or or use of denotation and connotation depends partly on the field of study.

The meaning of Denotation and Connotation

            In media-studies terminology, denotation is the first level of analysis : What the audience can visually see on a page. Denotation often refers to something literal, and avoids being a metaphor. Here it is usually coupled with connotation, which is the second level of analysis, being what the denotation represent.

A connotation is a subjective cultural and/ or emotional coloration in addition to the explicit or denotative meaning of any specific word or phrase in a language.

            Bertrand Russell, in 1905, published a seminal article on the topic of denotation, entitled “On Denoting”.

            Denotation often links with symbolism, as the denotation of a particular media text often represent something further ;a hidden meaning ( or an enigma code ) is often hidden in a media text.

Examples

1.      A red rose with a green stem. The connotation is that is a symbol of passion and love this is what the rose represents.

2.      A brown cross. The connotation is a symbol of religion, according to the media connotation. To be more specific, this is a symbol of Christiany.

Implication

            Implication or entailment is used in propositional logic and predicate logic to describe a relationship between two sentences or sets of sentences, in which one sentences is said to “lead to” or “imply” or “entail” the other sentence or set of sentences, and the other is said to “follow from” or be “derived from” or be “entailed by” the former.

Examples

1.      I’m offended by His  implication that woman can’t be good at mathemathics.

2.      He condemned the court and, by implication, the entire legal system.

3.      He was shocked by the implication of his partner in the theft.