Expert Biography Of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) By Norman Fairclough

NORMAN FAIRCLOUGH

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NORMAN FAIRCLOUGH

In this opportunity, I would like share to you about one of expert of Critical discourse Analysis. He is NORMAN FAIRCLOUGH. Before I have discussed what is the discourse analysis in the field of discourse and from some of these areas I was interested to learn more about the critical discourse analysis, critical discourse analysis is also described by some experts, and to experts in the field of critical discourse analysis I choose  Norman Fairclough.

Norman fairclough Was born 1941. He is emeritus professor of linguistics at Lancaster university. He is one of the founders of Critical Discourse Analysis as applied to sociolinguistic or discourse analysis that looks at the influence of power relations on the content and structure of writings. In CDA, he includes that is about texts, talk, video, and practices. He started his career in 1971 and his theory is used in critical discourse analysis, in 1980 he only focus on deepening critical discourse analysis. And he began to create and publish her from 1983 through 2014,

Since the early 1980s, he research has focused on critical discourse analysis - including the place of language in social relations of power and ideology, and how language figures in processes of social change. He main current interest is in language (discourse) as an element in contemporary social changes which are referred to as 'globalisation', 'neo-liberalism', 'new capitalism', the 'knowledge economy' and so forth. Over the past three years he have been working specifically on aspects of 'transition' in Central and Eastern Europe, especially Romania, from a discourse analytical perspective.

Fairclough's line of study, also called textually oriented discourse analysis or TODA, todistinguish it from philosophical enquires not involving the use of linguisticmethodology, is specially concerned with the mutual effects of formally linguistic textual properties, sociolinguistic speech genres, and formally sociological practices. The mainthrust of his analysis is that, if —according to Foucauldian theory— practices arediscursively shaped and enacted, the intrinsic properties of discourse, which arelinguistically analysable, are to constitute a key element of their interpretation. He is thusinterested in how social practices are discursively shaped, as well as the subsequentdiscursive effects of social practices

Fairclough's theories have been influenced by Mikhail Bakhtin and Michael Halliday on the linguistic field, and ideology theorists such as Antonio Gramsci, Louis Althusser, Michel Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu on the sociological one.

He have maintained research contacts with Lancaster since his retirement through collaborative projects in the Institute for Advanced Studies and the Linguistics department on the 'knowledge-based economy', the Bologna reforms of higher education in Europe, and 'moral economy'.

CDA is then developed as a theory of language which stresses in the multifunctionality of language and which sees every text as simultaneously having the “ideational”, “interpersonal” and “textual” functions of language.

BOOK :

• Fairclough, Norman (1992). Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Fairclough, Norman (1995). Media Discourse. London: Edward Arnold.
• Fairclough, Norman (1995). Critical Discourse Analysis. Boston: Addison Wesley.
• Chouliaraki, Lilie and Norman Fairclough (1999). Discourse in Late Modernity
• Rethinking Critical Discourse Analysis. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
• Fairclough, Norman (2003). Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. London: Routledge.
• Fairclough, Norman (2007). (Ed.). Discourse and Contemporary Social Change. Bern.

JOURNAL ARTICLES :

1.     Wodak, R. & Fairclough, N. 02/2010 In : Critical Discourse Studies

2.    Fairclough, N. 2006 In : Journal of Multicultural Discourses. 1, 1, p. 35-38 4 p

3.    Fairclough, N. 06/2005 In : Organization Studies. 26, 6, p. 915-939 25 p.

4.    Fairclough, N. L. 1/02/2005 In : Journal of Language and Politics. 4, 1, p. 41-63 23 p

5.    Fairclough, N. 2005 In : Lodz Papers in Pragmatics. 1, p. 37-58 22 p

We as students should have to develop to use the English language in the standard rate or judge something, we learn CDA so that creative, critical thinking and emancipatory practices, if you want to contact about norman fairclough you can see in http://www.research.lancs.ac.uk/potal/en/people/norman-fairclough.html,

Well, thank you reader for reading my blog. Hopefully useful knowledge that I share, do not ever get bored to read the next post….

Branches of Discourse Analysis

1.     Critical discourse analysis

Critical discourse analysis is a contemporary approach to the study of language and discourses in social institutions. Critical social analysis is normative and explanatory critique: it criticizesexisting reality on normative grounds (e.g. on the grounds that needs for human well- being which should be met are actually not met) and seeks to explain it in terms of the effects of posited structures, mechanisms and forces (e.g. the workings of capitalism).There is a long tradition within critical social analysis of viewing social reality as conceptually mediated: it is events and practices, but it is also ‘ideas’, and theories, conceptualizations and construals of these events and practices. From this perspective the ‘objects’ of critical social analysis are we might say ‘material-semiotic’, and its concerns are with dialectical relations between the material and the semiotic (or ‘discourse’). A consequence is that critical social analysis is interdisciplinary or ‘trans-disciplinary’ in character. CDA is best seen as contributing a semiotic emphasis and ‘point of entry’ into trans-disciplinary critical social analysis.

Critical discourse analysis (CDA) brings the critical tradition in social analysis into language studies, and contributes to critical social analysis a particular focus on discourse, and on relations between discourse and other social elements (power relations,  ideologies, institutions, social identities, and so forth). Critical social analysis can be understood as normative and explanatory critique. It is normative critique in that does not simply describe existing realities but also evaluates them, assesses the extent to which they match up tovarious values which are taken (more or less contentiously) to be fundamental for just or decent societies (e.g. certain standards – material but also political and cultural - of human well-being). It is explanatory critique in that it does not simply describe existing realities but seeks to explain them, for instance by showing them to be effects of structures or mechanisms or forces which the analyst postulates and whose reality s/he seeks to test out (e.g. inequalities in wealth, income and access to various social goods might be explained as aneffect of mechanisms and forces associated with ‘capitalism’).

2.     Feminist post discourse analysis ( FPDA )

The post structualist part of FPDA views language as social practice and considers that people's identities and relationships are 'performed' through spoken interaction. FPDA analyses the ways in which speakers are 'positioned' by different and often competing 'discourses' according to Michel Foucault's (1972: 49) definition as 'practices that systematically form the objects of which they speak'. According to this, speakers constantly move between powerful and powerless 'subject positions' as they talk and interact. FPDA is influenced by a post structuralist rather than a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) perspective: that is, the method is informed by the view that no speaker is wholly a victim and powerless, nor wholly dominant and powerful. Rather, speakers are constantly shifting their subject positions according to the interplay of discourses within specific settings. The feminist part of FPDA considers gender difference to be a dominant discourse among competing discourses when analysing all types of text. According to Baxter (2003), FPDA does not have an 'emancipatory' agenda for women but a 'transformative' one. This means that it aims to represent women's voices that have been 'silenced' or marginalised since FPDA considers that these have been historically absent in many cultures. For example, Kamada (2008a; 2008b and 2010) uses FPDA to show how a friendship group of half-Japanese girls, who are seen by their culture as 'less than whole', draw upon competing discourses to negotiate more positive versions of their 'hybrid' ethnic and gender identities.

Feminism is a range of political movements, ideologies, and social movements that share a common goal: to define, establish, and achieve political, economic, personal, and social rights for women that are equal to those of men. This includes seeking to establish equal opportunities for women in education and employment.

Feminist movements have campaigned and continue to campaign for women's rights, including the right to vote, to hold public office, to work, to earn fair wages or equal pay, to own property, to receive education, to enter contracts, to have equal rights within marriage, and to have maternity leave. Feminists have also worked to promote bodily autonomy and integrity, and to protect women and girls from rape, sexual harassment, and domestic violence.

Feminist campaigns are generally considered to be one of the main forces behind major historical societal changes for women's rights, particularly in the West, where they are near-universally credited with having achieved women's suffrage, gender neutrality in English, reproductive rights for women (including access to contraceptives and abortion), and the right to enter into contracts and own property.  Although feminist advocacy is, and has been, mainly focused on women's rights, some feminists, including bell hooks, argue for the inclusion of men's liberation within its aims because men are also harmed by traditional gender roles.  Feminist theory, which emerged from feminist movements, aims to understand the nature of gender inequality by examining women's social roles and lived experience; it has developed theories in a variety of disciplines in order to respond to issues concerning gender.

Numerous feminist movements and ideologies have developed over the years and represent different viewpoints and aims. Some forms of feminism have been criticized for taking into account only white, middle class, and educated perspectives. This criticism led to the creation of ethnically specific or multicultural forms of feminism, including black feminism and intersectional feminism.

Post-structuralism and structuralism                          

Structuralism was an intellectual movement in France in the 1950s and 1960s that studied the underlying structures in cultural products (such as texts) and used analytical concepts from linguistics, psychology, anthropology, and other fields to interpret those structures. It emphasized the logical and scientific nature of its results.

Post-structuralism offers a way of studying how knowledge is produced and critiques structuralist premises. It argues that because history and culture condition the study of underlying structures, both are subject to biases and misinterpretations. A post-structuralist approach argues that to understand an object (e.g., a text), it is necessary to study both the object itself and the systems of knowledge that produced the object.

Defenition of Discourse Analysis

            Hello guys, welcome back in my blog yah. Now, I have the fifth semester in the English Department Major in Faculty of Teacher’s Training and Education University of Lancing Kuning. I think, when I write this blog, I need you always understand about what I means. because in the writing a discourse, I always felt trouble was caused by a lack of English vocabulary that I know. That is why I would like for anyone who reads this blog can share their knowledge. So, let us share knowledge, Guys?

Definition of Discourse, Analysis, and Discourse Analysis

1.    Discourse

Discourse is a continuous stretch of ( especially spoken ) language larger than a sentence, often constituting a coherent unit such as a sermon, argument, joke, or narrative. Discourse is language in context refer to language in action, while a text is written record of interaction ( communicative event ). Discourse bring together language, the individual producing the language and context within which language used.

Discourse is the means by which institution wield their power through a process of definition and exlusion, intelligibility and legitimacy. What he means by this is the way particular discourse or discursive formation define what it is possible to say on any given topic. A discursive formation consists of a body of unwritten rules, and shared assumptions which attempt to regulate what can be written, thought and acted upon a particular field. 

2.    Analysis

Analysis is a careful study of something to learn about its parts, what they do, and how they are related to each other. Analysis is a systematic examination and evaluation of data or information, by breaking it into its component parts to uncover their interrelationships. Opposite of synthesis.

Analysis is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts in order to gain a better understanding of it. In psychology, a term for conversation based therapeutic processes used to gain understanding of complex emotional or behavioral issues. A presentation, usually in writing, of the results of this process.

3.    Discourse Analysis

Discourse analysis is a branch of applied linguistics relating to the evaluation of the discourse in order to find patterns of communication and other things associated with it that can not be explained by the grammar. Discourse analysis is  a discipline that examines the use of real language in a communication. Discourse analysis is a study that examines and analyzes the language used by their nature, both orally and in writing.

Discourse analysis is a qualitative research method that serves to analyze language, verbal, speeches, conversations, both verbal and non verbal conversation. Discourse analysis is  broad term for the study of the ways in which language is used in text and contexts.

Well guys, in conclusion my opinion , Discourse Analysis is a form of study that examines and analyzes a language, both oral and written. Discourse is actually a fusion between text and context. In other words, a text will be reffered to as a discourse that is no context.